The first step in monitoring performance is to decide what you want to monitor. In Windows Server 2022, the operating system and related services include hundreds of performance statistics that you can track easily. For example, you may want to monitor IPsec by monitoring connection security rules. This is just one of many items that can be monitored. All performance statistics fall into three main categories that you can choose to measure:
Performance Objects A performance object within Performance Monitor is a collection of various performance statistics that you can monitor. Performance objects are based on various areas of system resources. For example, there are performance objects for the processor and memory as well as for specific services such as web services.
Counters Counters are the actual parameters measured by Performance Monitor. They are specific items that are grouped within performance objects. For example, within the Processor performance object, there is a counter for % Processor Time. This counter displays one type of detailed information about the Processor performance object (specifically, the amount of total CPU time all of the processes on the system are using). Another set of counters you can use will allow you to monitor print servers.
Instances Some counters will have instances. An instance further identifies which performance parameter the counter is measuring. A simple example is a server with two CPUs. If you decide you want to monitor processor usage (using the Processor performance object)— specifically, utilization (the % Total Utilization counter)— you must still specify which CPU(s) you want to measure. In this example, you would have the choice of monitoring either of the two CPUs or a total value for both (using the Total instance).
One important thing that you want to watch when monitoring objects and counters is the average number. For example, there will be times when your CPU is at 100%. This doesn’t mean that you need to buy a newer CPU or add an additional CPU. The number that you want to watch is the average CPU usage. If that is over 80% on average, then your CPU can’t handle the workload of the server. If the Hard Page Faults per second average more than 5 per second, you don’t have enough RAM. Make sure to watch the averages and not just what’s happening at this moment.
To specify which performance objects, counters, and instances you want to monitor, you add them to Performance Monitor using the Add Counters dialog box. Figure 16.1 shows the various options that are available when you add new counters to monitor using Performance Monitor.
FIGURE 16.1 Adding a new Performance Monitor counter
The items that you will be able to monitor will be based on your hardware and software configuration. For example, if you have not installed and configured the IIS, the options available within the Web Server performance object will not be available. Or, if you have multiple network adapters or CPUs in the server, you will have the option of viewing each instance separately or as part of the total value.
Viewing Performance Information The Windows Server 2022 Performance Monitor was designed to show information in a clear and easy- to- understand format. Performance objects, counters, and instances may be displayed in each of three views. This flexibility allows you to define quickly and easily the information they want to see once and then choose how it will be displayed based on specific needs. Most likely, you will use only one view, but it’s helpful to know what other views are available depending on what it is you are trying to assess.
You can use the following main views to review statistics and information on performance:
Line View The Line view (also referred to as the Graph view) is the default display that is presented when you first access the Windows Server 2022 Performance Monitor. The chart displays values using the vertical axis and displays time using the horizontal axis. This view is useful if you want to display values over a period of time or see the changes in these values over that time period. Each point that is plotted on the graph is based on an average value calculated during the sample interval for the measurement being made. For example, you may notice overall CPU utilization starting at a low value at the beginning of the chart and then becoming much higher during later measurements. This indicates that the server has become busier (specifically, with CPU-i ntensive processes). Figure 16.2 provides an example of the Graph view.
FIGURE 16.2 Viewing information in Performance Monitor Line view
Histogram View The Histogram view shows performance statistics and information using a set of relative bar charts. This view is useful if you want to see a snapshot of the latest value for a given counter. For example, if you were interested in viewing a snapshot of current system performance statistics during each refresh interval, the length of each of the bars in the display would give you a visual representation of each value. It would also allow you to compare measurements visually relative to each other. You can set the histogram to display an average measurement as well as minimum and maximum thresholds. Figure 16.3 shows a typical Histogram view.
FIGURE 16.3 Viewing information in Performance Monitor Histogram view
Report View Like the Histogram view, the Report view shows performance statistics based on the latest measurement. You can see an average measurement as well as minimum and maximum thresholds. This view is most useful for determining exact values because it provides information in numeric terms, whereas the Chart and Histogram views provide information graphically. Figure 16.4 provides an example of the type of information you’ll see in the Report view.
FIGURE 16.4 Viewing information in Performance Monitor Report view